Uchiha Clan

The was one of the four noble clans of Konohagakure, and was also reputed to be the village's most powerful clan, producing shinobi that were exceptionally talented and battle-oriented, and in possession of the renowned Sharingan. Together with the Senju clan, they founded Konohagakure, but is now almost extinct after its downfall.

Founding
The Uchiha clan descended from Indra Ōtsutsuki, the elder of the two sons of the Sage of the Six Paths. Indra inherited the Sage's "eyes", powerful chakra and spiritual energy. When it came time for the Sage to choose a successor, he questioned the two on what course of action they would follow to bring order to the world. Indra believed that power was the way to bring peace, while Asura Ōtsutsuki, the younger son, believed love was the way. The Sage favoured Asura's ideal, and therefore designated him as his successor, causing Indra to be filled with jealousy and hatred. From this hate came what Tobi calls the. From Asura descended the Senju clan who would be the eternal rivals of the Uchiha. However, the Uchiha suffered another more dangerous curse: a passionate love that can become a bottomless well of despair the moment someone they care for dies.

Before the founding of the ninja villages, the Uchiha were one of the many mercenary clans for hire. Because of their Sharingan as well as battle prowess, the Uchiha clan came to be known as one of the two strongest clans, the other being the Senju clan. Madara Uchiha was particularly powerful, and, upon attaining the Mangekyō Sharingan, took control of the clan. Under his leadership the Uchiha grew stronger, conquering whatever clans they came upon, such that, whenever the Uchiha clan was hired for a job, the opposing side would hire the Senju, and vice versa.

Konohagakure
Some time before Konoha's founding, some members of the Uchiha clan began to willingly surrender, realising that they were outclassed by the Senju. The Senju later grew tired of the endless fighting, and approached the Uchiha clan with a peace treaty once again. Though rejected time and time before as Madara feared that an alliance would destroy the Uchiha clan, he willingly accepted after witnessing Hashirama's resolve. The two clans came together to form Konoha, with Hashirama Senju, leader of the Senju clan, being selected as Hokage. Madara believed that this was proof that the Uchiha would be made subservient to the Senju, but his clan saw this only as his attempt to rekindle the flames of war. They turned their backs on him, and he defected.

Following Madara's betrayal, having gone into hiding after faking his death in the battle against Hashirama, the Second Hokage Tobirama Senju gave the Uchiha control of the Konoha Military Police Force as a sign of trust. However, this was really just a way of keeping the Uchiha's emotions in check so the village would not end up with another Madara. Over the years, some Uchiha, such as Setsuna Uchiha, came to realise their ostracism and believed that they were being purposely kept out of Konoha's governing affairs. Though Setsuna and his followers tried to rebel against the village as Madara did, they found that it was too late to make a difference, as the Senju had already completely suppressed the Uchiha. Despite Tobirama's attempts, it only caused a greater rift between the Uchiha and the village. The matter grew worse when a young Obito Uchiha, presumed dead at the time, witnessed the death of Rin Nohara, his team-mate and a girl Obito loved at the hands of Obito's rival, Kakashi Hatake. In the aftermath, Obito became a follower of Madara's ideals, vowing to create a world where he and Rin could be together again.

Downfall
According to Obito, the Uchiha were felt as thought they had grown distant from the rest of the village. This ultimately rekindled the clan's feelings of hatred towards the Senju-influenced government, and the belief that they deserved more power than what they had as the heads of the police force, which manifested in the paranoid belief that the position had been offered to them to "keep them away" from the position of leadership that they felt they were entitled to. In planning the coup d'état, they entrusted Itachi Uchiha who was an Anbu, to be their spy. However, a pacifist by nature, Itachi knew that if the Uchia betrayed the village, they would cause another Shinobi World War and instead provided Konoha with information on the Uchiha's plans.[1][2]. The Third Hokage tried to negotiate a peaceful soultion, but, as time passed and that approach seemed to get them nower, even Shishui was forced to admit to Itachi that "It doesn't look like we can stop the Uchia coupt d'etat".

The Uchiha clan, however, was not completely ignorant of Itachi's double-agent status and began to suspect him due to his strange behaviour since joining the Anbu, and asked his close friend Shisui Uchiha to keep an eye on him. However, Shisui was also against the coup d'etat like Itachi, but could see that it could not be stopped through diplomatic means, and couldn't envision any other way to avert it but to try to mentally enslave them with his Mangekyō Sharingan's strongest technique. However, Danzō Shimura did not trust him, and, unwilling to bet the village's future on such a risky plan, stole his right eye, bent on protecting the village in his own way. Shisui then entrusts it to Itachi, asking him to stop the rebellion.[3] Soon after, covering up the nature of Shisui's death as a suicide, Itachi is accused of murder and loses the trust of several of its members.[4] Itachi allowed them to believe that as he became more distant from his kin.[5] Even Fugaku, the clan's leader, and Itachi's father who defended his son of being accused,[6] seemingly washed his hands of Itachi, unable to understand his son anymore.[7]

Though the Third Hokage Hiruzen Sarutobi, was aware of the threat posed by the Uchiha,[1][2] he was unwilling to confront them, as they had fought together in the last war, but, as Shishui had remarked -telling Itachi "It doesn't look like we can stop the Uchia coupt d'etat"-, the Uchia were unwilling to consider a diplomatic solution, a position shared by Homura, Koharu and Danzō Shimura. Despite that, as the latter admitted, when push came to shove the Hokage would have been willing to protect Konoha. This would have meant that, since the Coup d'etat was unavoidable, the Uchia being unwilling, as Shishui remarked, to match the Third Hokage's attempts to resolve the conflict diplomatically, the clan was destined to destruction. An outright confrontation would have let the betrayal out in the open, putting Sasuke on the opposite side of the village and therefore endangering his life. Contrary to Tobi/Obito's original assertion, it wasn't Itachi that decided to barter with the Council to spare Sasuke's life, after having been unable to kill him, but rather, Danzo himself offered Itachi the chance to save his brother's life, saving the village and by extension, the world from a war on a global scale[3], on the basis that they shared the same feeling for the village and, apparently, he seemed to trust him in a way he didn't trust Shishui. According to Tobi's recounting to Sasuke, Itachi met with Tobi, whom he believed to be Madara Uchiha. As Madara was ostracised by the clan for causing unrest during the first days of Konoha's formation, Tobi claims that Itachi allowed him to aid in the slaughter in return to leave the rest of Konoha and Sasuke be.[9]

Aftermath
Only three Uchiha survived their clan's genocide: Itachi, the clan's killer, Sasuke, Itachi's younger brother, and Obito, who, acting as Madara, assisted Itachi with the massacre.

Years later, Sasuke kills Itachi to avenge their family — the way he had intended — only to discover the details surrounding why Itachi did what he did. Saddened by his brother's sacrifice and angered by Konoha's involvement, Sasuke teams up with Obito to destroy the village. When Itachi is reincarnated during the Fourth Shinobi World War, Sasuke is able to speak with him and decides that destroying Konoha is not the solution.

Madara Uchiha is also brought back to life during the Fourth Shinobi World War through the actions of Obito. Madara is then incapacitated when his body is used to revive Kaguya Ōtsutsuki, courtesy of Black Zetsu. Obito himself dies shortly after while protecting Naruto Uzumaki and Kakashi Hatake from one of Kaguya's attacks, and when Kaguya is sealed by Naruto and Sasuke, Madara perishes moments later as the tailed beasts were extracted from his body, which ultimately leaves Sasuke as the sole survivor of the entire Uchiha clan.

Years later after the war, Sasuke would go on to have a daughter with his wife, therefore continuing the Uchiha bloodline.

Abilities
The Uchiha were famous for their powerful chakra, exceptionally strong techniques, and natural aptitude for anything combat-related. The clan possessed an innate affinity for Fire Release nature transformation, with even the youngest of members able to use it from just observation. As such they have created several and use this nature transformation more skilfully than any other. Their signature technique was the Fire Release: Great Fireball Technique. Clan members were not recognised as adults by the rest of the clan until they could successfully use this technique. The Uchiha were also highly known for their mastery of ninja tools. They themselves invented many shuriken move sets which required the use of thin metal wires, one example being the Windmill Triple Blades technique. They were apparently also somewhat skilled in barrier ninjutsu, having created the Uchiha Flame Formation which, still holding to their natural affinity for fire, created a barrier that burned whatever came in contact with it.

The Uchiha clan were most feared for their powerful Sharingan, a kekkei genkai which gives them the ability to see the "colours" of chakra, allowing them to analyse and copy their opponent's skills, along with a number of other abilities. Only a select few members of the Uchiha clan manifested the Sharingan. Due to their natural affinity for battle, and their proficiency with ocular genjutsu, many ninja considered it more tactically favourable to flee rather than face an Uchiha shinobi in one-on-one combat. Among the techniques granted by the Sharingan, the Izanagi and Izanami are deemed to be forbidden, due to their effect of rendering the user blind in exchange for creating genjutsu capable of escaping death or trapping the opponent without failure. Though the clan was feared for their Sharingan, the eyes have also been transplanted into various characters outside the clan.

Madara and Izuna were the first two Uchiha to awaken an advanced form of the Sharingan known as the Mangekyō Sharingan, which can be activated by the pain of losing close friends or family members. However, frequent use of the Mangekyō Sharingan deteriorates the user's eyesight and results in blindness. Only by taking the eyes of a sibling can one's vision be restored, a process that results in the creation of an. Itachi indicated that the intricacies of the Mangekyō Sharingan were only discovered after decades of trial and error, implying that many Uchiha throughout history had made the attempt to gain the Mangekyō Sharingan.

One member of the clan, Madara, had managed to awaken the Rinnegan after he stole and integrated the DNA of Hashirama Senju, Asura's reincarnation at the time, into his body. Fusing the chakras of Indra and Asura caused the Rinnegan to awaken. He noted that the dōjutsu did not manifest until he was nearing the end of his natural lifespan. After meeting Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki during a near-death experience, Sasuke also managed to awaken the Rinnegan, though his contains six tomoe.

Trivia

 * Uchiha is another way of pronouncing, which is the Uchiha clan symbol. Uchiwa can be used to fan flames, making the flame hotter — referring to the fact that the Uchiha is a clan of fire techniques users.
 * Following the end of the Fourth Shinobi World War, with all other Uchiha dead and Kakashi Hatake seemingly losing his dōjutsu, Sasuke is the only known wielder left of the Sharingan.
 * Attire-wise, the Uchiha have always favoured high-collared outfits with their clan's symbol proudly emblazoned on the back. Furthermore, during the Warring States Period, the Uchiha that chose to wear armour often refused to have any armour on their back to proudly display their clan's symbol. Over the generations, their attire has changed with their attire initially consisting of a dark coloured mantle along with pants, which later became simple shirts and pants, all the while retaining the high collar.
 * Prior to settling on Konohagakure, they resided in an enclave of small wooden buildings surrounded by forest.
 * Most of the powerful techniques exclusively used by the Uchiha (Tsukuyomi, Amaterasu, Susanoo, Izanagi, Izanami and Kotoamatsukami) are named after Shintō deities from the Japanese creation myth.
 * Itachi, Sasuke, and Obito are the three Uchiha that remained after the massacre, and all three eventually became affiliated with Akatsuki and like Madara and his brother Izuna, awoke the Mangekyō Sharingan.
 * In the earlier stages of the series, Kakashi stated that there are rumours the Uchiha clan's Sharingan was derived from the Hyūga clan's Byakugan. However, Kurama is the only one to know the full truth about the Uchiha clan yet appears to have no intention of revealing what it knows. It is later revealed that the Uchiha and Hyūga have a common ancestor in Kaguya Ōtsutsuki, who used both the Byakugan and Rinne Sharingan, a Rinnegan with Sharingan characteristics.
 * According to Obito, the Uchiha clan is destined to a life of revenge against their hated enemies, the Senju clan and Konohagakure. However there are exceptions in the form of Itachi, Shisui, Naori and Kagami Uchiha and later Sasuke, who had opposing ideals.
 * The clan had various places affiliated with them:
 * A senbei shop that was famous throughout the village.
 * A shrine as well as a secret meeting place under said shrine.
 * A river which runs through their compound.
 * A supply base in Sora-ku that Hebi visited for supplies.
 * A hideout that served as the arena for the final battle between Sasuke and Itachi.