Six Paths of Pain

The is a technique devised by Nagato after being crippled by Hanzō and rendered emaciated from the numerous chakra rods embedded in his back by the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path. By piercing corpses with chakra receivers, Nagato could manipulate the bodies as though they were his own.

As Pain, Nagato used mostly the Deva Path in presenting himself to the Akatsuki while using it and the others in battle. Though using them as extensions, Nagato still sees his vessels as separate people from himself. Obito Uchiha, disguised as Tobi, would later adopt this fighting style and create his own Six Paths of Pain during the Fourth Shinobi World War using the reincarnated jinchūriki.

Use
Nagato had several large black rods protruding from his back to transmit chakra to the corpses. From there, his chakra was picked up by the numerous body piercings that each body possessed, which acted as chakra receivers. To make full use of the bodies, Nagato would ideally control them from the highest and closest point possible, so that he could have the best range possible. Certain techniques, such as Chibaku Tensei, were only available for use through the Six Paths when they were within a certain range of Nagato. Inoichi Yamanaka compared the ability to the Yamanaka clan's unique Mind Body Switch Technique, albeit on a greater scale.

Nagato's Paths
Because of the fact that he was crippled, Nagato channelled the abilities of the Six Paths into six different bodies (one ability per body). The only common features shared by these bodies were the Rinnegan they gained from this technique, the chakra receivers each were pierced with and their bright orange hair, which had been dyed to match the Deva Path's natural hair colour. Each body seemed to serve a specific purpose in battle, such as summoning, repair, and defence, rendering them open in other areas. This did not hold true for the Deva Path, however, which was imbued with several capabilities. Each Path, with the possible exception of the second Animal Path, was in some way affiliated with Jiraiya when they were alive.

When the Paths were active together in battle, Nagato was able to see through their eyes, thus registering six separate fields of vision at the same time. Essentially working as shared vision for the Paths, this allowed Nagato to coordinate their attacks and to provide defence for them without a blind spot. All of the Paths demonstrated incredible speed, strength and the ability to create chakra disruption blades, which were used to incapacitate opponents. The Paths were strongest when together, using combination tactics and the element of surprise to defeat their enemies; both Jiraiya and Kakashi fell victim to this technique. In the anime, it was shown that the Paths do not feel pain and have cold skin. When the Paths were lined up in formation, the Deva Path was always in the centre, while the Naraka Path stayed in the back. This was to protect it, so it could revive the others who had fallen. However, his technique, although powerful, had a flaw: each of the Paths had a primary function or ability. With prior knowledge about the technique and each Paths' abilities, one stood a better chance of defeating them, as witnessed in Pain's battle against Naruto.

When not in use, the bodies were stored in a hidden chamber within Amegakure's tallest tower. Within the room are six "pods", in which the bodies rested; each pod is connected to the wall via pipes or wires, and has a sliding cover that appears to feature the symbol of Amegakure, which conceals the face of the inactive body. The pods are also numbered from one through six using daiji characters, and are ordered counter-clockwise around the room with a numbering scheme that corresponds with the ordering of the six Buddhist Paths of Reincarnation:
 * - Deva Path.
 * - Asura Path.
 * - Human Path.
 * - Animal Path.
 * - Preta Path.
 * - Naraka Path.

Obito's Paths
During the Fourth Shinobi World War, Obito Uchiha, using the alias "Tobi", created his own version of this technique, utilising the six reincarnated jinchūriki. He customised them to fit his own taste, giving them each a Rinnegan and Sharingan in place of their left and right eyes respectively, mirroring those of his own. Unlike Nagato, Obito controlled his Six Paths using just a single chakra receiver embedded into the left side of each of their chests, which were hidden from view. He was also able to transmit chakra to his Six Paths without being pierced by chakra receivers as Nagato was. Each of the reincarnated jinchūriki could use the abilities they had during their life, such as Rōshi's Lava Release and Utakata's Soap Bubble Ninjutsu. However, thanks to Obito's augmentations, their skills were increased to beyond what they ordinarily were. With the Sharingan, they could now see through the most minute details of enemy movements, allowing for more precise attacks, and using the shared field of vision granted by the Outer Path of the Rinnegan, the user could coordinate these enhanced attacks in the most effective way possible.

The jinchūriki also had their respective tailed beasts temporarily resealed within them using the chakra receivers, while the beasts' chakra still remained under Obito's control through the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path. Although Obito could force the jinchūriki to transform into their full tailed beasts, a large amount of chakra was required to fully control the beasts, significantly increasing the risk of them subverting his commands. As a consequence of this, coupled with the fact that the abilities and their weaknesses were already known to his opponents, Obito did not have his Paths use the traditional abilities of the Six Paths of Pain.

Original Use
The powers of the Rinnegan's Six Paths originally stemmed from just one body, with Nagato only using corpses as mediums for these abilities to compensate for his physical limitations. After being reincarnated and absorbing a significant amount of chakra, which helped to address his previous deficiencies, he aptly demonstrated being able to use these skills simultaneously. While focusing the powers through his real body, the strength and speed of his techniques surpassed that of when they were used by the individual bodies. However, this did come at the cost of diminishing the increased field of vision and the relative safety granted to the user by the corpses, who essentially replaced any need for the user to confront an opponent directly.

Influences
Based upon the six Buddhist Paths of Reincarnation, each body was named after one of the different "Paths": Deva, Asura, Human, Animal, Preta, and Naraka. Each of these Paths, or realms, represents one of the realms a being is reborn into after death, determined by the accumulated karma of their past lives. While the two lower Paths, Preta and Naraka, are hellish, and the two higher Paths, Deva and Asura, are heavenly, all six are considered to be Paths of suffering because they perpetuate the cycle of Reincarnation; the only way to break it and ascend to a higher state of existence is to attain enlightenment.

Trivia

 * Despite Nagato being a sensor, none of the Six Paths he created seemed to share this ability; even the Deva Path, which was the only Path through whom Nagato used techniques unrelated to its abilities.
 * All of Nagato's Six Paths of Pain, except the second Animal Path, had interacted with Jiraiya during his journey, while they were still alive.
 * All of Nagato's Six Paths of Pain had the same hair colour as Yahiko, except for his Asura Path, which was bald.
 * As noted by Konan in chapter 430, Nagato's technique output is considerably more powerful when he focuses on the Deva Path, however this is considerably risky as the other Pains are slow to recover.
 * In the anime, Nagato's original Six Paths all spoke in Yahiko's voice, although each of them had voices of their own in life. Nagato's second Animal Path, however, spoke with its own voice.
 * Three of Nagato's Six Paths of Pain are playable in Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Heroes 3, while the other three appear as support characters. All six are able to appear simultaneously in three-versus-one match-ups. The playable ones are Deva, Asura and Animal, the ones whose primary function is battle, rather than support.