Root

was a branch of Konohagakure's Anbu training subdivision. It was disbanded after the death of its founder, Danzō Shimura.

Overview
Root carried out missions that Danzō believed would benefit Konoha. Because of its core views as "the unseen ones who support the great tree of Konoha from the depths of the earth", some of these missions were less than respectable, such as eliminating individuals that were considered potential threats simply for expressing their detestation for Konoha, despite not actually having done anything against the village. The organisation's top priority was its secrecy, and most of its missions were carried out in the dark - autonomous of Konoha's authority. Root was officially disbanded after the Uchiha Clan Downfall due to Danzō spearheading the tragedy but remained active as an underground organisation until Danzō's death. Despite Hiruzen's orders to disband the group, the members remained loyal to Danzō, his orders being the highest priority over even the Hokage's. Upon Danzō's death, Sai suggested its members look to Kakashi Hatake for guidance since Kakashi, at the time, was slated to become Hokage.

After Danzō's death and Root's actions came to light, the members were forced to scatter as they became pariahs, such as Tanuki Shigaraki. However, after the Fourth Shinobi World War, Tsunade and Kakashi prevented background checks of the villagers, partially hoping to protect Root members from being further ostracised. This allowed the likes of Kido Tsumiki and Magire to integrate into the regular Anbu forces. However, as a result of the lack of investigations, Tanuki's daughter, Sumire Shigaraki, was able to infiltrate Konoha in a bid for revenge on how the village shunned Root. Sai intended to help those remnants connected to Root to break free from Danzō's dark legacy.

Root was an extremely strict and secretive group, and as such, each member of the organisation had a cursed seal imprinted on the back of their tongues by Danzō which, when activated, would paralyse their entire body if they tried to speak anything about Danzō or the organisation, rendering them unable to speak or move. Sai noted that this was done in an effort to prevent an information leak should any of them be captured and interrogated by enemy forces. The seal disappeared after Danzō's death.

Danzō had also trained its members to lose their emotions by growing up as brothers from a young age, only to later be made to kill each other. This was done to kill any sense of sentiment or emotional attachment. This method was extremely similar, if not identical, to the Kirigakure Academy's former graduation test. Each member had a codename; even the members themselves apparently did not know their original names. Unlike normal Anbu, they carried a tip-less tantō instead of a katana. Also unlike normal Anbu, members of Root took orders only from Danzō instead of the Kage, unless ordered to otherwise. Another specialty of the organisation was slow, long-term brainwashing. In the case of one of their members, Nonō Yakushi, she was brainwashed through a series of photographs starting with photographs of Kabuto — one of her former wards at orphanage showing him growing up. Eventually, Root slowly switched the person in the photographs entirely and then gave Nonō the order to kill the actual Kabuto. This resulted in Nonō not recognising the young man in their final confrontation.

Though the members wore the standard cloak and mask of the Konohagakure Anbu, they didn't have an actual standardised uniform like the others. Underneath the cloak each Root member wore personal attire. The only single distinguishing garment they all wore was a short, black, midriff jacket with red straps over the shoulders along with the tip-less tantō.

In the anime, despite the harsh training of Root, Danzō had never trained any member himself apart from Yamato, something which greatly shocked the other members when he announced it.

Creating Gozu Tennō

 * Assigned to: Tanuki Shigaraki
 * Outcome: Success

Seeing the great potential of Hashirama Senju's Wood Release, Danzō harvested some of his cells and entrusted Tanuki to create the Gozu Tennō, an ultimate weapon meant to harvest chakra from enemy and then manifest into a giant yōkai that will rampage in enemy territory before self-destructing. Although Danzō died prior to the project's completion, Tanuki continued the project on his own accord due to him and his family being ostracised by the village for Root's underhanded actions in a bid for revenge. Upon finishing the Gozu Tennō, he implanted it into his daughter, entrusting her to use the technique to destroy Konoha in revenge for shunning his family.

Infiltrate Iwagakure

 * Assigned to: Nonō Yakushi
 * Outcome: Success

Danzō had Nonō, who was regarded as an elite in the field of intelligence gathering, infiltrate Iwagakure in order to confirm intelligence they received that Iwagakure was planning to attack Konoha. Though she initially refused as she had left the organisation, she eventually accepted the mission. She successfully infiltrated the village and remained there for several years. She was critically wounded, however, after attacking Kabuto Yakushi who had also infiltrated the village as a spy.

Infiltrate Great Hidden Villages

 * Assigned to: Kabuto Yakushi
 * Outcome: Success

Danzō had Kabuto infiltrate all the Great Hidden Villages (and possibly other lesser villages) over the course of a few years to spy on them for Root.

Assassinate Kabuto/Nonō

 * Assigned to: Nonō Yakushi, Orochimaru
 * Outcome: Failure/Partial Success

Viewing Kabuto and Nonō as a threat to Root, after they had become "too good" of spies, Danzō schemed to have both individuals kill each other. Gradually brainwashing Nonō, by switching photos of Kabuto with pictures of a different person and saying it was him, Danzō revealed that Kabuto had joined Root for the orphanage's sake and told her that they would release him once she assassinated a certain person. Unbeknownst to her when she was carrying out this mission, she was attacking the real Kabuto. Ultimately, Nonō was cut down by Kabuto who fled after she didn't remember him. This mission culminated in Nonō's death and Kabuto allying himself with the traitorous Orochimaru, who had decided to defect from Root, but had originally claimed that he was sent to kill either Kabuto or Nonō, depending who survived the ordeal.

Incriminate Iwagakure

 * Assigned to: Multiple; Danzō led this mission
 * Outcome: Partial Success

In the anime, Danzō, in an effort to obstruct peace negotiations with Iwagakure, sought to incriminate the village by having a number of Root members masquerade as Iwa shinobi and attack villages along the border of Amegakure.

Manipulate Hanzō into an alliance

 * Assigned to: Unknown, Danzō led this mission
 * Outcome: Success

In the anime, Danzō, after witnessing the power of the Rinnegan and wanting to use it for his own agenda, manipulated Hanzō into believing that Akatsuki was out to take over leadership of Amegakure. He did this by presenting Hanzō with corpses which he claimed were members of Hanzō's own clan.

Crushing the Ame Rebels

 * Assigned to: Multiple
 * Outcome: Failure

Danzō made an alliance with Amegakure's leader, Hanzō, to help him crush the rebel group led by Yahiko. In turn, Hanzō would help Danzō become Hokage. Although the joined forces did succeed in orchestrating the death of Yahiko, the mission ultimately failed when Nagato, enraged by Yahiko's death, killed practically all of Amegakure's and Root's shinobi present. Only Hanzō was shown to have escaped.

Assassinate Hiruzen Sarutobi

 * Assigned to: Hinoe, Hinoto, Kanoe, Kanoto, Kinoe, Kinoto, Mizunoe, Mizunoto, Tsuchinoe, Tsuchinoto.
 * Outcome: Failure

In the anime, unable to tolerate Hiruzen's passive approach to governing Konohagakure, Danzō sought to eliminate him shortly after resuming his post following the death of the Fourth Hokage. His Root members were disguised as a foreign group. The plan failed before it even began as Kakashi Hatake — a new Root member — chose to inform the Third Hokage of the treason, taking the Third's place to lure out the assailants and consequently making Danzō power-hungry and amoral nature known.

Retrieve Kakashi Hatake's Sharingan

 * Assigned to: Kinoe and Kinoto
 * Outcome: Failure

In the anime, as the vision in Danzō's Sharingan began to deteriorate, he ordered Kinoe and Kinoto to retrieve a replacement. As taking one from an Uchiha at the time would incite both suspicion and possible repercussion, they were ordered to take the one implanted in Kakashi, as his bad reputation for killing friends and not being a member of the Uchiha would likely make blow back minimal. Kinoe's attachments to his comradeship after confronting Kakashi has made him turn his back on the mission.

Retrieve Shisui Uchiha's left Sharingan

 * Assigned to: 10 Anbu
 * Outcome: Failure

In the anime, after Danzō succeeded in retrieving Shisui Uchiha's right Sharingan, his underlings were ordered to follow the fleeing Uchiha and steal his left eye as well. However, Shisui managed to hide and gave his eye to his friend Itachi Uchiha instead, thus baffling the mission.

Intercept Coup d'État
The Root-Anbu accompanied Danzō to the Konoha Military Police Force headquarter to pacify the Uchiha clan and thus averting a possible civil war. Their efforts however turn out to be irrelevant, due to the slaughter of the majority of the clan by Itachi Uchiha who on top of all managed to sneak into Root's forces to approach Danzō directly.
 * Assigned to: Presumed All
 * Outcome: Failure

Assassinate Unmo Samidare
Unmo Samidare was considered to be a potential threat to Konoha due to his outward animosity to it. Sai was dispatched to kill him to prevent any future problems.
 * Assigned to: Sai
 * Outcome: Success

Infiltrating Orochimaru's Hideout

 * Assigned to: Sai
 * Outcome: Failure

Danzō assigned Sai to Team Kakashi, which went on a mission to find Sasuke Uchiha. During the course of the mission, Sai approached Orochimaru, Sasuke's mentor, on Danzō's behalf. He offered to have Root aid Orochimaru in "destroying" Konoha. When Orochimaru accepted and took Sai back to his hideout, Sai's true mission began: to protect Konoha by assasinating the missing-nin Sasuke. Sai, having befriended teammate Naruto Uzumaki, was later unwilling to complete this task, resulting in the failure of his mission.

Assuming Leadership of Konoha

 * Assigned to: Presumed all (minus Sai)
 * Outcome: Failure; Danzō is now deceased

During Pain's attack on Konoha, Danzō kept the members of Root from helping in the village's defence, hoping that Pain's actions would allow him to take the title of Hokage. Following Pain's assault on Konoha, Danzō was appointed as the acting Sixth Hokage, pending the vote of confidence. Sai was the only member known not to be among the group, as he was with Yamato and Anko Mitarashi, who were hunting down Kabuto Yakushi. The mission failed, as Danzō was ultimately killed by Sasuke Uchiha prior to achieving the title of Hokage.

Observing Naruto

 * Assigned to: Sai
 * Outcome: Discontinued since Danzō's death.

After Danzō is elected by the Fire Daimyō to be acting Hokage, he orders Sai to keep an eye on Naruto Uzumaki, and anything out of the ordinary is to be reported at once. This is because Danzō still requires the votes of the jōnin to be officially Hokage, and that he needs to keep Naruto, who is now considered a hero of the village, in check due to his status as a Jinchūriki (without doing anything to Naruto that may cause himself to lose favour). However, Sai betrays Danzō and helps Naruto elude surveillance.

Tracking Anko

 * Assigned to: Dajimu and Tera
 * Outcome: Failure

While Anko Mitarashi is still on the mission to find and capture Kabuto Yakushi, Danzō originally sent two of his men, Dajimu and Tera, to trail Orochimaru's former student. However, with the current situation of Konoha, Danzō ordered his men to not get rid of Anko, preferring to focus on finding Kabuto before she does. This failed, as Kabuto captured Anko and carried her off to a different location.

Tracking Kabuto

 * Assigned to: Terai
 * Outcome: Failure

Because Kabuto might know about Danzō's involvement with Orochimaru, and because Kabuto's medical expertise could be used to heal his right arm and eye, Danzō orders his men to find Kabuto, leaving the mission in Terai's hands despite the village being on lock-down due to the Kage Summit. Danzō was killed before Kabuto could be useful to him.

Watching Sai and Naruto

 * Assigned to: Two of Torune's unnamed subordinates
 * Outcome: Failure

Fearing Sai's loyalty to him is wavering, Danzō assigns two Root members to watch Sai as the latter watches Naruto. However, Kakashi Hatake and Konohamaru Sarutobi help Naruto escape to the Kage Summit and make it seem that Sai is still loyal to Danzō.

Protecting Danzō

 * Assigned to: Fū and Torune
 * Outcome: Failure

As Danzō was preparing to attend the Kage Summit, he was made aware of the order to bring two bodyguards with no exceptions. He chose Fū and Torune because they were the top two members of Root. Torune was also instructed to assign his men to keep an eye on Naruto, and to prevent him from leaving the village, just in case Sai would betray the organisation. However, both of the bodyguards were teleported away by Tobi and Danzō was struck in the heart by Sasuke Uchiha's Chidori Sharp Spear, mortally wounding him and lead to his death.

Recover the Byakugan

 * Assigned to: Fū
 * Outcome: Failure

As Ao trailed Danzō for betraying the Kage, Danzō ordered Fū to retrieve, or if not possible, destroy, the Byakugan he possessed. Fū made a valiant effort to retrieve "Konoha's property" for Danzō but the Fifth Mizukage arrived and saw through Fū's trap causing Fū to fail.

Trivia

 * The name for this organisation appears to reflect Danzō's last words: "…you are the leaves bathing in the sun. I am the roots that grow in the dark."
 * Unlike other Root members' pair of black gloves, the ones worn by Sai leave both his index fingers and thumbs bare — a feature probably intended to favour the use of his drawing abilities.
 * The members of Root seemingly do not have the traditional Anbu tattoos branded on their shoulders.
 * Despite Nonō Yakushi's talent in intelligence gathering during her membership in the organisation, Danzō ultimately considered her to be an unsuitable member as she could not lose her emotions.
 * The creed of this group may possibly be, as recited by Sai and Hyō.
 * In episode 317, Danzō is revealed to recruit Root members himself, without the Hokage's interference. He favoured those from clans who possess special techniques, such as the Aburame, Yamanaka, and Uchiha clan.